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Weather Education

Learn the Weather

Clouds, storms, tornadoes, hurricanes — discover how weather works with pictures, facts, and fun.

Types of Clouds

Clouds come in many shapes and sizes — each one tells a story about the weather ahead.

High (16,500+ ft)
Mid (6,500–23,000 ft)
Low (0–6,500 ft)
All levels
Cumulus clouds

Cumulus

Low2,000 – 6,500 ft

The classic "cotton ball" cloud. Cumulus clouds are puffy and white with flat bases. They form when warm air rises and cools, and usually mean fair weather — unless they grow very tall.

👀 What to look for

Bright white, fluffy tops with a flat gray base. Often seen on sunny afternoons.

Cumulonimbus clouds
⛈️

Cumulonimbus

All levels1,000 – 60,000 ft

The king of storm clouds. Cumulonimbus towers can reach the top of the troposphere. These giants produce thunderstorms, heavy rain, hail, and even tornadoes. The anvil-shaped top is a classic warning sign.

👀 What to look for

Massive, dark, towering cloud with a flat anvil-shaped top spreading sideways. Often has a greenish tint when hail is present.

Stratus clouds
🌫️

Stratus

Low0 – 6,500 ft

Stratus clouds form a gray, uniform blanket across the sky. They often bring drizzle and overcast days. When stratus clouds touch the ground, we call it fog.

👀 What to look for

Flat, featureless gray sheet covering the whole sky. No distinct shapes — just a dull, even layer.

Cirrus clouds
🌤️

Cirrus

High16,500 – 45,000 ft

Cirrus clouds are thin, wispy streaks high in the atmosphere made entirely of ice crystals. They often appear before a warm front, signaling that rain may arrive within 24–48 hours.

👀 What to look for

Thin, white, hair-like streaks or curls high in a blue sky. Sometimes called "mare's tails."

Altocumulus clouds
🌥️

Altocumulus

Mid6,500 – 23,000 ft

Altocumulus clouds appear as rows or patches of rounded white or gray puffs at mid-level. They often create beautiful "mackerel sky" patterns. If you see them on a warm, humid morning, thunderstorms may develop by afternoon.

👀 What to look for

Rows of rounded, gray-white puffs arranged in a wavy pattern. Smaller than cumulus, bigger than cirrocumulus.

Nimbostratus clouds
🌧️

Nimbostratus

Low–Mid0 – 10,000 ft

Nimbostratus is a thick, dark gray cloud layer that blocks out the sun and produces steady, continuous rain or snow. Unlike thunderstorms, nimbostratus brings long, dreary precipitation that can last for hours.

👀 What to look for

Dark, featureless gray sky with no distinct shapes. Rain or snow falling steadily. You can't see the sun at all.

Fog clouds
🌁

Fog

SurfaceGround level

Fog is simply a stratus cloud that forms at ground level. It reduces visibility and can make driving and flying dangerous. Fog forms when air near the surface cools to its dew point, causing water vapor to condense into tiny droplets.

👀 What to look for

Thick, milky haze at ground level that reduces visibility. Often thickest in valleys and near water in the early morning.

Colors of Clouds

Slide to change the cloud color and learn what each shade means for the weather.

Bright WhiteBright WhiteYellow/Orange
☀️ Fair Weather

Why this color?

Tiny water droplets scatter all wavelengths of sunlight equally, reflecting almost all light back to your eyes.

What it means

Fair, stable weather with no immediate precipitation. Great day to be outside!

🌤 Enjoy it — these clouds usually mean clear skies ahead.

Tornado Ratings: The EF Scale

The Enhanced Fujita Scale rates tornado intensity from EF0 to EF5 based on damage caused.

EF0
Weak
65–85 mph

Light damage. Peels surface off some roofs, breaks branches off trees, and pushes over shallow-rooted trees.

💥 Minor roof damage, broken branches, some fences down

EF1
Weak
86–110 mph

Moderate damage. Roofs severely stripped, mobile homes overturned or badly damaged, cars pushed off roads.

💥 Roof stripped, mobile homes destroyed, cars moved

EF2
Strong
111–135 mph

Considerable damage. Roofs torn off well-constructed homes, mobile homes demolished, large trees snapped or uprooted.

💥 Roofs torn off homes, large trees uprooted, cars lifted

EF3
Violent
136–165 mph

Severe damage. Entire stories of well-constructed homes destroyed, severe damage to large buildings, trains overturned.

💥 Entire floors destroyed, trains overturned, forests flattened

EF4
Violent
166–200 mph

Devastating damage. Well-constructed homes leveled, structures with weak foundations blown away, cars thrown.

💥 Homes leveled, cars thrown hundreds of yards

EF5
Incredible
> 200 mph

Incredible damage. Strong frame houses leveled and swept away, automobile-sized missiles fly through the air.

💥 Total destruction — nothing survives

Tornado funnel cloud

Connecticut & Tornadoes

Connecticut averages about 2 tornadoes per year, mostly EF0–EF1. The most destructive was the 1979 Windsor Locks tornado (F4), which caused $500 million in damage.

Hurricane Categories

The Saffir-Simpson scale rates hurricanes 1–5 based on sustained wind speed and potential damage.

Hurricane from above

Hurricane anatomy

Eye (calm center)Eyewall (strongest winds)Rain bands (outer spiral)Storm surge (deadliest threat)
Category
1
Minor
74–95 mph
Storm surge: 4–5 ft

Very dangerous winds will produce some damage. Well-constructed homes could have damage to roof, shingles, vinyl siding, and gutters.

Category
2
Moderate
96–110 mph
Storm surge: 6–8 ft

Extremely dangerous winds will cause extensive damage. Well-constructed homes could sustain major roof and siding damage.

Category
3
Major
111–129 mph
Storm surge: 9–12 ft

Devastating damage will occur. Well-built homes may incur major damage or removal of roof decking and gable ends.

Category
4
Extreme
130–156 mph
Storm surge: 13–18 ft

Catastrophic damage will occur. Well-built homes can sustain severe damage with loss of most of the roof structure.

Category
5
Catastrophic
> 157 mph
Storm surge: > 18 ft

Catastrophic damage will occur. A high percentage of framed homes will be destroyed, with total roof failure and wall collapse.

🌀 Connecticut & Hurricanes

Connecticut has been hit by several major hurricanes. The 1938 "Long Island Express" (Category 3) killed 600+ people in New England. More recently, Hurricane Sandy (2012) caused massive coastal flooding. Hurricane season runs June 1 – November 30.

Supercell Thunderstorms

The most powerful and dangerous type of thunderstorm — the parent of the most violent tornadoes.

Supercell thunderstorm

Rotating Mesocyclone

The defining feature of a supercell

A supercell is a long-lived thunderstorm with a deep, persistently rotating updraft called a mesocyclone. Unlike ordinary storms, supercells are self-sustaining — the rotation separates the updraft from the downdraft, allowing them to last for hours and travel hundreds of miles. They are responsible for nearly all significant tornadoes and most large hail events.

RotationDefined by a persistent rotating updraft called a mesocyclone
SizeCan span 10–50 miles wide and last 2–8 hours
HazardsProduces the most violent tornadoes, large hail, and damaging winds
CT riskSupercells can track into CT from the southwest during spring/summer

⚠️ Safety: If a tornado watch is issued and you see a rotating wall cloud, take shelter immediately in an interior room on the lowest floor.

🌩️ Supercell vs. Regular Thunderstorm

Only about 20% of supercells produce tornadoes, but all supercells are dangerous. The key visual clue is a lowering rotating base (wall cloud) beneath the main storm. A green or teal sky often indicates large hail is present inside the storm.

Hail

Frozen balls of ice that form inside powerful thunderstorms — and can grow to the size of a grapefruit.

Hail forms when updrafts inside a thunderstorm carry raindrops up into freezing temperatures. The droplets freeze, then get coated with more water as they cycle up and down inside the storm. The stronger the updraft, the larger the hail can grow. Hailstones have been recorded as large as 7 inches in diameter.

Size vs. Danger

Pea (¼")< 30 mphNuisance
Marble (½")40–50 mphMinor damage
Golf ball (1¾")70–80 mphSevere damage
Baseball (2¾")100+ mphExtreme danger
Hailstones on ground

🧊 CT Hail Facts

Connecticut sees hail most often in spring and early summer. Golf ball-sized hail (1¾") is enough to dent cars and break windows. If hail is forecast, move vehicles under cover and stay away from windows.

Floods & Flash Floods

The deadliest weather hazard in the United States — and one of the most common in Connecticut.

Flash flood flooding road

Turn Around, Don't Drown

More than half of all flood fatalities occur in vehicles. Never drive through flooded roads — just 12 inches of water can float a car.

Floods occur when water overflows onto normally dry land. Flash floods are the most dangerous type — they develop rapidly (within 6 hours) after heavy rain, dam failures, or ice jams. Connecticut's hilly terrain and narrow river valleys make flash flooding especially dangerous after intense thunderstorms or prolonged rain events.

Flash floodRises within 6 hours of heavy rain — the #1 weather killer in the US
Turn around6 inches of moving water can knock a person down
Cars2 feet of water can sweep away most vehicles
CT riskRiver valleys (Farmington, Housatonic, Connecticut River) flood regularly

Flood Watch

Flooding is possible. Monitor conditions and be ready to act.

Flood Warning

Flooding is occurring or imminent. Take action immediately.

Flash Flood Emergency

Catastrophic flash flooding. This is a life-threatening situation.

Microbursts

A sudden, violent downdraft from a thunderstorm that can produce winds exceeding 100 mph.

Microburst wind damage

A microburst is a concentrated downdraft of air that hits the ground and spreads outward in all directions. They can occur with or without heavy rain — dry microbursts are especially deceptive because there's little warning. The damage pattern is distinctive: trees and structures blown outward from a central point, unlike the swirling pattern of a tornado.

Wind speedDownbursts can exceed 100 mph at ground level
DurationTypically lasts only 5–15 minutes
SizeWet microbursts span < 2.5 miles; dry microbursts occur with little rain
AviationExtremely dangerous during takeoff and landing — cause of many crashes

✈️ Aviation hazard: Microbursts are responsible for dozens of aircraft accidents. Pilots are trained to recognize and avoid them during approach and departure.

Earthquakes

Sudden ground shaking caused by the release of energy along fault lines — even Connecticut isn't immune.

Earthquakes occur when stress built up along fault lines is suddenly released, sending seismic waves through the earth. While Connecticut is not in a major seismic zone like California, the region has ancient fault systems and experiences minor earthquakes regularly. The East Haddam area is historically the most seismically active part of the state.

ScaleRichter/Moment Magnitude: each whole number = 10× more ground motion
CT historyCT sits on old fault lines; small quakes (M1–3) occur occasionally
Largest CTEast Haddam, 1791 — estimated M5.0, felt across New England
Drop/CoverDrop, cover your head, hold on under a sturdy table
Earthquake damage

Drop. Cover. Hold On.

  1. Drop to your hands and knees
  2. Take cover under a sturdy desk or table
  3. Hold on until shaking stops
  4. Stay away from windows and exterior walls

Tsunamis

Massive ocean waves triggered by earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, or underwater landslides.

Tsunami ocean wave

Nature's Most Powerful Wave

A tsunami is not a single wave — it's a series of waves that can arrive for hours after the initial event.

Tsunamis are generated when a large volume of water is suddenly displaced — most commonly by a submarine earthquake. In the open ocean they may only be a foot tall, but as they approach shallow coastal water they slow down and pile up, sometimes reaching catastrophic heights. The 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami and 2011 Japan tsunami are the most devastating in modern history.

SpeedCan travel at 500 mph in deep ocean — as fast as a jet
Wave heightOpen ocean: < 3 ft. Coastline: can exceed 100 ft
WarningOcean receding rapidly is a major warning sign — move inland immediately
CT riskLow but not zero — a major Atlantic submarine landslide could generate waves
1

Natural warning signs

Strong earthquake near coast, ocean receding rapidly, loud roaring sound from the ocean.

2

Move immediately

Go inland or to high ground. Do not wait for an official warning — you may have only minutes.

3

Stay away

Do not return to the coast until officials declare it safe. Later waves are often larger than the first.

Squalls & Squall Lines

Sudden bursts of violent wind and rain that can appear with little warning — dangerous on land and water.

Squall line approaching

Squall Line Approaching

A wall of storms moving in unison

A squall is a sudden, sharp increase in wind speed accompanied by rain or snow. Squall lines are organized bands of thunderstorms that can stretch hundreds of miles and move rapidly. They often precede cold fronts and can produce damaging straight-line winds, brief tornadoes, and heavy downpours. On Long Island Sound and CT's coast, squalls are especially hazardous for boaters.

DefinitionA sudden, sharp increase in wind speed lasting at least 1 minute, reaching ≥ 16 knots
DurationIndividual squalls last minutes; squall lines can persist for hours
HazardsSudden gusty winds, brief heavy rain, reduced visibility, waterspouts over water
CT riskLake-effect squalls and nor'easter squall lines are common in fall and winter

Boater safety: Check marine forecasts before heading out. If you see a dark shelf cloud on the horizon, head to shore immediately — squalls can arrive in minutes.

🌬️ Squall vs. Gust vs. Wind Advisory

A gust is a brief spike in wind speed. A squall is a sustained burst lasting at least a minute. A Wind Advisory is issued when sustained winds reach 31–39 mph or gusts hit 46–57 mph. A High Wind Warning means sustained winds of 40+ mph or gusts of 58+ mph — dangerous for driving and outdoor activities.

Wildfires

Weather-driven fires that can spread with terrifying speed — and whose smoke affects Connecticut even from thousands of miles away.

Wildfire burning forest

Fire Weather Conditions

Low humidity, strong winds, and dry vegetation create the perfect conditions for a wildfire to explode in size within minutes.

Wildfires are uncontrolled fires that burn through forests, grasslands, and brush. They are driven by three factors: fuel (dry vegetation), oxygen (wind), and heat (drought, lightning, or human ignition). While Connecticut is not a high-risk wildfire state like California, drought years and spring dry spells create real brush fire danger — and smoke from western US megafires regularly blankets the Northeast, degrading air quality for days.

Spread speedCan travel up to 14 mph in forests, faster in grass and wind
Air qualitySmoke can travel thousands of miles — CT regularly sees smoke from western US fires
CT historyCT sees brush fires most in spring (dry vegetation) and during drought years
Fire weatherLow humidity + strong winds + dry fuel = critical fire weather conditions

Air Quality Index (AQI) — Wildfire Smoke

0–50GoodNo precautions needed
51–100ModerateSensitive groups limit outdoor time
101–150Unhealthy (SG)Sensitive groups stay indoors
151–200UnhealthyEveryone limit outdoor exertion
201–300Very UnhealthyAvoid outdoor activity; wear N95
301+HazardousStay indoors; seal windows if possible

🏠 When smoke arrives: Close windows and doors, run AC on recirculate, and check the live AQI on the Town Forecasts page.

Connecticut Weather History

The storms that shaped the state — a look back at the most significant severe weather events in Connecticut's recorded history.

Historic storm damage in New England

Connecticut

A State Shaped by Storms

From the Great Hurricane of 1938 to Superstorm Sandy, Connecticut has weathered some of the most powerful storms in American history.

1938

The Great New England Hurricane

Hurricane

One of the most powerful storms ever to strike New England. The Category 3 hurricane made landfall on Long Island and tore through Connecticut with little warning, as forecasters had not predicted a direct hit. Storm surge inundated coastal communities from Greenwich to Stonington. Winds exceeded 120 mph in some areas, and the Farmington and Connecticut rivers flooded far inland. The storm reshaped the Connecticut coastline and remains a benchmark for hurricane preparedness in the region.

ImpactWidespread destruction across coastal and inland CT; significant flooding along major river valleys

1955

Hurricanes Connie & Diane — The Great Flood

Flooding

Back-to-back hurricanes saturated the ground, and when the remnants of Hurricane Diane stalled over the region, catastrophic flooding struck the Naugatuck and Mad River valleys. Putnam, Winsted, and Stroudsburg saw walls of water surge through downtown streets. The flooding was among the deadliest weather events in Connecticut history, and the disaster led directly to major flood-control infrastructure projects across the state.

ImpactCatastrophic river flooding in Naugatuck Valley and northeastern CT; among the most destructive weather events in state history

1978

Blizzard of 1978

Blizzard

A powerful nor'easter paralyzed southern New England for days. Hartford recorded 21 inches of snow while coastal areas saw even higher totals. Sustained winds of 40–50 mph created near-zero visibility and drifts exceeding 6 feet. Governor Ella Grasso ordered a driving ban — one of the first in state history — stranding thousands of motorists on highways. The storm set the standard by which all future CT blizzards are measured.

ImpactStatewide travel ban; thousands stranded; record snowfall across much of CT

1989

Tornado Outbreak — July 10

Tornadoes

A rare multi-tornado outbreak struck Connecticut on a hot, humid summer afternoon. The most significant tornado tracked through Hamden and North Haven, reaching F4 intensity — one of the strongest ever recorded in New England. The storm carved a path of destruction through residential neighborhoods, toppling trees and damaging hundreds of structures. It remains one of the most studied tornado events in Connecticut meteorological history.

ImpactF4 tornado through Hamden/North Haven; one of the strongest tornadoes ever recorded in New England

2011

Hurricane Irene

Hurricane

Irene made landfall as a tropical storm but delivered hurricane-force gusts and historic rainfall to Connecticut. The Farmington, Housatonic, and Connecticut rivers all crested well above flood stage. Inland communities that rarely flood — including Simsbury, Avon, and Woodstock — saw significant inundation. Power outages affected hundreds of thousands of residents for days, and the storm exposed vulnerabilities in the state's aging infrastructure.

ImpactMajor river flooding statewide; hundreds of thousands without power; widespread road closures

2011

October Nor'easter ("Snowtober")

Snowstorm

An early-season nor'easter on October 29–30 dropped heavy, wet snow on trees still in full leaf — a rare and devastating combination. The weight of snow snapped thousands of trees across the state, triggering the largest non-hurricane power outage in Connecticut history. Some communities went without electricity for nearly two weeks. The storm prompted a major overhaul of utility infrastructure and emergency response protocols.

ImpactLargest non-hurricane power outage in CT history; widespread tree damage; some areas without power for nearly two weeks

2012

Superstorm Sandy

Hurricane

Sandy made landfall in New Jersey but its massive wind field — stretching over 900 miles — battered Connecticut with tropical-storm-force winds and a historic storm surge. Coastal communities from Greenwich to New London experienced significant flooding, with some areas seeing surge levels not recorded since the 1938 hurricane. The storm caused extensive damage to the shoreline and prompted a long-term reassessment of coastal resilience across the state.

ImpactHistoric storm surge along CT shoreline; extensive coastal flooding and damage; widespread power outages

2022

December Nor'easter

Blizzard

A powerful nor'easter struck Connecticut just before Christmas, bringing blizzard conditions to much of the state. Wind gusts exceeded 60 mph along the coast, and snowfall totals ranged from 12 to 24 inches. The storm disrupted holiday travel and left tens of thousands without power. It served as a reminder that major winter storms remain a consistent threat to Connecticut well into the modern era.

ImpactBlizzard conditions statewide; 60+ mph coastal gusts; widespread travel disruption and power outages

📡 Prepared, Not Scared

Connecticut's weather history is a reminder that severe events are not rare — they are a recurring part of life in New England. Understanding past storms helps communities prepare smarter, respond faster, and recover stronger. Stay informed with the Alerts and Storm Tracker pages.

Storm Preparedness

Practical steps, supply checklists, and drill recommendations for every major weather threat Connecticut faces.

Preparedness is not about fear — it's about confidence. Knowing your plan before a storm arrives means you can act quickly and calmly when it matters most. Review the sections below for your household, workplace, or school. The best time to prepare is always before the forecast changes.

🎒

The Go-Bag: Your Universal Starting Point

Keep one ready for any emergency — grab it and go in under two minutes

Water

1 gallon per person per day, minimum 3 days

Food

Non-perishable items for at least 3 days

Medications

7-day supply + copies of prescriptions

Documents

ID, insurance cards, bank info in waterproof bag

Cash

Small bills — ATMs and card readers may be down

Phone charger

Portable power bank, fully charged

First aid kit

Bandages, antiseptic, pain reliever, gloves

Weather radio

Battery or hand-crank; NOAA all-hazards band

📲 Stay Connected During Any Storm

Monitor the Alerts page for live NWS warnings, the Storm Tracker for real-time radar, and the Town Forecasts for local conditions. Sign up for CT-ALERT at ct.gov for official emergency notifications.

More Weather Phenomena

Lightning, blizzards, UV radiation, and other dramatic weather events explained.

Lightning
Lightning

Lightning is a massive electrical discharge between clouds or between a cloud and the ground. The rapid heating of air creates the shockwave we hear as thunder. The 30/30 rule: if thunder follows lightning in under 30 seconds, seek shelter immediately.

Temperature54,000°F — 5× hotter than the sun's surface
SpeedTravels at 1/3 the speed of light
DurationA single bolt lasts about 0.2 seconds
Frequency100 lightning strikes hit Earth every second

🏠 When thunder roars, go indoors! Stay inside for 30 minutes after the last thunder clap.

Blizzards
Blizzards

A blizzard is not just heavy snow — it requires strong winds that reduce visibility to near zero. Connecticut is no stranger to nor'easters that bring blizzard conditions, especially from December through March.

DefinitionWinds ≥ 35 mph + blowing snow + visibility < ¼ mile for 3+ hours
Wind chillCan make 20°F feel like -30°F
Snow rateCan drop 2–4 inches per hour
CT recordBlizzard of 1978 dropped 27" in Hartford

🚗 Never drive in a blizzard. Stay home, stay warm, and keep an emergency kit with food, water, and blankets.

☀️

UV Index

How strong is the sun's ultraviolet radiation today?

The UV Index measures how intense the sun's ultraviolet radiation is at ground level. It runs from 0 (no risk) to 11+ (extreme risk). UV rays can cause sunburn in as little as 10 minutes at high levels — even on cloudy days, up to 80% of UV passes through clouds.

Low0–2

No protection needed. Enjoy the outdoors!

Moderate3–5

Wear sunscreen SPF 30+. Seek shade near midday.

High6–7

Sunscreen required. Hat and sunglasses recommended.

Very High8–10

Extra protection essential. Minimize midday sun.

Extreme11+

Avoid sun 10am–4pm. Full protection needed.

☁️ CT tip: Connecticut summers regularly hit UV 8–10 between 10am and 2pm. Even in spring and fall, midday UV can reach 6–7. Check the live UV index on the homepage or town forecasts.

🌧️

FEELING ANXIOUS DURING EXTREME WEATHER?

Ways to feel calm, safe, and brave — for kids and families

12 coping strategies for feeling anxious during extreme weather — ways to feel calm, safe, and brave for kids and families
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Keep Exploring

Check the live radar, track active alerts, and see how today's clouds match what you just learned.

Anthony Smartcast

Your Connecticut Weather Authority

Serving Connecticut residents with accurate, hyperlocal forecasts and severe weather alerts.

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Connecticut, USA · Weather data for informational purposes only